SQLon test coverage

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Functions: 100.0% 82 / 0 / 82
Branches: 83.9% 1492 / 0 / 1778
src/render.cpp
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1 /******************************************************************************
2 **
3 ** Copyright (C) 2026 Ivan Pinezhaninov <ivan.pinezhaninov@gmail.com>
4 **
5 ** This file is part of the SQLon - which can be found at
6 ** https://github.com/IvanPinezhaninov/sqlon/.
7 **
8 ** THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
9 ** IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
10 ** FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
11 ** IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM,
12 ** DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR
13 ** OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR
14 ** THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
15 **
16 ******************************************************************************/
17
18 #include <sqlon/error.h>
19 #include <sqlon/prepared_query.h>
20 #include <sqlon/render.h>
21
22 #include <cctype>
23 #include <cmath>
24 #include <cstdint>
25 #include <iomanip>
26 #include <limits>
27 #include <locale>
28 #include <optional>
29 #include <sstream>
30 #include <string>
31 #include <type_traits>
32 #include <unordered_map>
33 #include <unordered_set>
34 #include <utility>
35 #include <vector>
36
37 namespace sqlon {
38 namespace {
39
40 enum class renderer_mode : std::uint8_t { immediate, prepared };
41
42 enum class expression_context : std::uint8_t { value, result };
43
44 class renderer final {
45 public:
46 246 renderer(const sql_options& options, renderer_mode mode)
47 246 : m_options(options)
48 246 , m_mode(mode)
49 246 {}
50
51 224 rendered_query render_query(const query& value)
52 {
53
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 224 if (m_mode != renderer_mode::immediate) throw render_error{"renderer is not in immediate mode"};
54 224 const detail::query_ptr& node = detail::query_access::node(value);
55
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 224 if (!node) throw render_error{"cannot render an empty query node"};
56 224 collect_parameter_names(*node);
57
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 224 m_result.sql = render_query_node(*node);
58 158 return std::move(m_result);
59 }
60
61 22 prepared_query render_prepared_query(const query& value)
62 {
63
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 22 if (m_mode != renderer_mode::prepared) throw render_error{"renderer is not in prepared mode"};
64 22 const detail::query_ptr& node = detail::query_access::node(value);
65
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 22 if (!node) throw render_error{"cannot prepare an empty query node"};
66
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 22 collect_parameter_names(*node);
67
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 22 std::string sql = render_query_node(*node);
68
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 40 return prepared_query{std::move(sql), std::move(m_prepared_parameters), std::move(m_prepared_bindings)};
69 20 }
70
71 private:
72 285 std::string render_query_node(const detail::query_node& value)
73 {
74 285 std::string sql = render_ctes(value);
75
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 281 switch (value.kind) {
76 196 case detail::statement_kind::select:
77
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 196 sql += render_select(value);
78 159 return sql;
79 67 case detail::statement_kind::insert:
80
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 67 sql += render_insert(value);
81 42 return sql;
82 12 case detail::statement_kind::update:
83
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 12 sql += render_update(value);
84 10 return sql;
85 6 case detail::statement_kind::delete_:
86
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 6 sql += render_delete(value);
87 5 return sql;
88 }
89 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown statement kind"};
90 65 }
91
92 196 std::string render_select(const detail::query_node& value)
93 {
94
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 196 if (value.projection.empty()) throw render_error{"SELECT requires at least one projection expression"};
95
96
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 195 std::string sql = value.distinct ? "SELECT DISTINCT " : "SELECT ";
97
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 196 const bool uses_top = m_options.row_limits == row_limit_style::top_offset_fetch && value.limit && !value.offset &&
98 1 value.set_operations.empty();
99
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 195 if (uses_top) sql += "TOP (" + std::to_string(*value.limit) + ") ";
100
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 435 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < value.projection.size(); ++index) {
101
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 264 if (index != 0) sql += ", ";
102
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 264 sql += render_expression(value.projection[index], 0, expression_context::result);
103 }
104
105
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 171 if (value.from)
106
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 91 sql += " FROM " + render_relation(value.from);
107 else
108
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 80 sql += render_implicit_select_source();
109
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 167 if (value.where) sql += " WHERE " + render_expression(value.where);
110
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 165 if (!value.group_by.empty()) sql += " GROUP BY " + render_expression_list(value.group_by);
111
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 165 if (value.having) sql += " HAVING " + render_expression(value.having);
112 165 std::optional<int> compound_precedence;
113
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 181 for (const detail::set_operation_node& operation : value.set_operations) {
114
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 18 if (!operation.query) throw render_error{"a set operation requires a query"};
115 18 const int operation_precedence = set_operation_precedence(operation.kind);
116
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 18 if (compound_precedence && operation_precedence > *compound_precedence) sql = group_set_sql(std::move(sql));
117
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 18 sql += " " + set_operation_keyword(operation.kind) + " ";
118
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 16 sql += render_set_operand(*operation.query);
119 16 compound_precedence = operation_precedence;
120 }
121
122
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 163 if (!value.order_by.empty()) sql += " ORDER BY " + render_order_by(value.order_by);
123
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 162 sql += render_row_limit(value, uses_top);
124 318 return sql;
125 36 }
126
127 84 std::string render_implicit_select_source() const
128 {
129
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 84 if (!m_options.implicit_select_source) return {};
130
131
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 14 std::vector<std::string> qualifiers = m_options.implicit_select_source->identifier_parts;
132
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 14 if (qualifiers.empty()) throw render_error{"an implicit SELECT source requires an identifier"};
133 13 const std::string identifier = std::move(qualifiers.back());
134 13 qualifiers.pop_back();
135
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 13 if (m_options.implicit_select_source->quote_identifier)
136
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 1 return " FROM " + render_qualified_identifier(qualifiers, identifier);
137
138 12 std::string source;
139
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 13 for (const std::string& qualifier : qualifiers) {
140
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 1 if (!source.empty()) source += ".";
141
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 1 source += render_unquoted_identifier(qualifier);
142 }
143
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 12 if (!source.empty()) source += ".";
144
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 12 return " FROM " + source + render_unquoted_identifier(identifier);
145 16 }
146
147 162 std::string render_row_limit(const detail::query_node& value, bool uses_top) const
148 {
149
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 162 if (!value.limit && !value.offset) return {};
150
151
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 18 switch (m_options.row_limits) {
152 12 case row_limit_style::limit_offset: {
153 12 std::string sql;
154
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 12 if (value.limit) sql += " LIMIT " + std::to_string(*value.limit);
155
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 12 if (!value.limit && value.offset) sql += offset_without_limit_prefix();
156
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 11 if (value.offset) sql += " OFFSET " + std::to_string(*value.offset);
157 11 return sql;
158 12 }
159 2 case row_limit_style::offset_fetch: {
160 2 std::string sql;
161
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 2 if (value.offset) sql += " OFFSET " + std::to_string(*value.offset) + " ROWS";
162
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 2 if (value.limit) {
163
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 2 sql += value.offset ? " FETCH NEXT " : " FETCH FIRST ";
164
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 2 sql += std::to_string(*value.limit) + " ROWS ONLY";
165 }
166 2 return sql;
167 2 }
168 3 case row_limit_style::top_offset_fetch:
169
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 3 if (uses_top) return {};
170
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 2 if (value.order_by.empty()) throw render_error{"OFFSET/FETCH requires ORDER BY for the selected preset"};
171
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 2 return " OFFSET " + std::to_string(value.offset.value_or(0)) + " ROWS" +
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 3 (value.limit ? " FETCH NEXT " + std::to_string(*value.limit) + " ROWS ONLY" : std::string{});
173 }
174
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 1 throw render_error{"unknown SELECT row-limiting style"};
175 }
176
177 7 std::string offset_without_limit_prefix() const
178 {
179
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 7 switch (m_options.offset_without_limit) {
180 4 case offset_without_limit_style::standalone:
181 4 return {};
182 1 case offset_without_limit_style::negative_one_limit:
183
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 2 return " LIMIT -1";
184 1 case offset_without_limit_style::maximum_unsigned_limit:
185
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 2 return " LIMIT 18446744073709551615";
186 }
187
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 1 throw render_error{"unknown OFFSET without LIMIT rendering style"};
188 }
189
190 67 std::string render_insert(const detail::query_node& value)
191 {
192
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 67 if (value.conflict.action != detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::none &&
193
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 45 value.conflict.action != detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::duplicate_key_update &&
194
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 38 m_options.conflict_updates == conflict_update_style::merge_statement) {
195
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 10 return render_merge_insert(value);
196 }
197
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 57 if (value.conflict.action != detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::none &&
198
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 35 value.conflict.action != detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::duplicate_key_update &&
199
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 28 m_options.conflict_updates == conflict_update_style::update_or_insert) {
200
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 8 return render_update_or_insert(value);
201 }
202
203
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 49 const bool uses_inserted_row = conflict_uses_inserted_row(value.conflict);
204 49 std::string inserted_row_alias;
205
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 49 if (uses_inserted_row && m_options.inserted_row_references == inserted_row_reference_style::values_row_alias) {
206
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 5 if (value.default_values || value.insert_source)
207
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 1 throw render_error{"the selected proposed-row reference style requires an INSERT VALUES source"};
208
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 4 inserted_row_alias = make_inserted_row_alias(value.target);
209 }
210
211
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 48 std::string sql{"INSERT INTO "};
212
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 48 sql += render_mutation_target(value.target);
213
214
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 48 if (value.default_values) {
215
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 8 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::default_values))
216
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 1 throw render_error{"DEFAULT VALUES is not supported by the selected preset"};
217
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 7 if (!value.columns.empty() || !value.values.empty() || value.insert_source)
218 ✗ throw render_error{"DEFAULT VALUES cannot be combined with another INSERT source"};
219
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 10 if (value.conflict.action != detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::none &&
220
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 3 !has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::default_values_with_conflict)) {
221
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 1 throw render_error{"DEFAULT VALUES cannot be combined with a conflict action for the selected preset"};
222 }
223
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 6 switch (m_options.default_values) {
224 3 case default_values_style::standard:
225
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 3 sql += " DEFAULT VALUES";
226 3 break;
227 2 case default_values_style::empty_parenthesized_values:
228
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 2 sql += " () VALUES ()";
229 2 break;
230 1 case default_values_style::unsupported:
231
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 1 throw render_error{"the selected DEFAULT VALUES capability has no rendering style"};
232 }
233 } else {
234
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 40 if (value.columns.empty()) throw render_error{"INSERT requires at least one column"};
235
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 40 sql += " (" + render_column_name_list(value.columns) + ") ";
236
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 40 if (value.insert_source) {
237
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 4 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::insert_select))
238
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 1 throw render_error{"INSERT SELECT is not supported by the selected preset"};
239
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 3 if (!value.values.empty()) throw render_error{"INSERT SELECT cannot be combined with VALUES rows"};
240
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 4 if (value.conflict.action != detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::none && !value.insert_source->where &&
241 1 has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::insert_select_conflict_requires_where)) {
242 throw render_error{"INSERT SELECT with a conflict action requires a source WHERE clause for the selected "
243
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 1 "preset"};
244 }
245
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 2 sql += render_query_node(*value.insert_source);
246 } else {
247
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 36 if (value.values.empty()) throw render_error{"INSERT requires at least one VALUES row"};
248
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 36 if (value.values.size() > 1 && !has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::multi_row_values)) {
249
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 2 throw render_error{"multiple INSERT VALUES rows are not supported by the selected preset"};
250 }
251
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 34 sql += "VALUES ";
252
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 73 for (std::size_t row_index = 0; row_index < value.values.size(); ++row_index) {
253 40 const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& row = value.values[row_index];
254
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 40 if (row.size() != value.columns.size()) throw render_error{"INSERT row width does not match its column list"};
255
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 40 if (row_index != 0) sql += ", ";
256
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 40 sql += "(" + render_value_expression_list(row) + ")";
257 }
258
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 33 if (!inserted_row_alias.empty()) sql += " AS " + quote_identifier(inserted_row_alias);
259 }
260 }
261
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 47 sql += render_conflict_clause(value, inserted_row_alias, relation_qualifier(value.target));
262
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 33 sql += render_returning(value.returning);
263 32 return sql;
264 65 }
265
266 10 std::string render_merge_insert(const detail::query_node& value)
267 {
268
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 10 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::merge))
269 ✗ throw render_error{"MERGE is not supported by the selected preset"};
270
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 10 if (value.conflict.target.empty())
271
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 1 throw render_error{"a MERGE conflict action requires an explicit conflict target"};
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 9 if (value.default_values || value.insert_source)
273
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 1 throw render_error{"generated MERGE statements require an INSERT VALUES source"};
274
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 8 if (value.columns.empty() || value.values.empty())
275 ✗ throw render_error{"generated MERGE statements require INSERT columns and values"};
276
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 8 if (!value.returning.empty()) throw render_error{"RETURNING is not supported by generated MERGE statements"};
277
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 15 for (const detail::expression_ptr& target : value.conflict.target) {
279
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 8 if (!contains_column(value.columns, target))
280
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 1 throw render_error{"MERGE conflict targets must be present in the INSERT column list"};
281 }
282
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 15 for (const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& row : value.values) {
283
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 8 if (row.size() != value.columns.size()) throw render_error{"INSERT row width does not match its column list"};
284
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 26 for (const detail::expression_ptr& expression : row)
285
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 18 if (is_default_value(expression))
286 ✗ throw render_error{"DEFAULT values are not supported in generated MERGE sources"};
287 }
288
289
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 14 const std::string target_alias{"_sqlon_target"};
290
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 14 const std::string source_alias{"_sqlon_source"};
291
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 7 std::string sql{"MERGE INTO "};
292
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 7 sql += render_mutation_target(value.target);
293
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 7 if (m_options.merge_target_hint) {
294
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 4 if (m_options.merge_target_hint->empty()) throw render_error{"a MERGE target hint cannot be empty"};
295
296
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 3 sql += " " + *m_options.merge_target_hint;
297 }
298
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 6 sql += render_relation_alias(target_alias);
299
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 6 sql += " USING ";
300
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 6 sql += render_merge_source(value, source_alias);
301
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 6 sql += " ON (";
302
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 12 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < value.conflict.target.size(); ++index) {
303
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 6 if (index != 0) sql += " AND ";
304
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 6 const std::string column = render_column_name(value.conflict.target[index]);
305
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 6 sql += quote_identifier(target_alias) + "." + column;
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 6 sql += " = ";
307
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 6 sql += quote_identifier(source_alias) + "." + column;
308 6 }
309
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 6 sql += ")";
310
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 6 if (value.conflict.action == detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::update ||
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 4 value.conflict.action == detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::update_inserted_values) {
313
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 5 sql += " WHEN MATCHED THEN UPDATE SET ";
314
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 10 sql += render_assignments(conflict_assignments(value), true, source_alias, relation_qualifier(value.target),
315
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 5 target_alias);
316
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 1 } else if (value.conflict.action != detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::do_nothing) {
317 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown MERGE conflict action"};
318 }
319
320
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 6 sql += " WHEN NOT MATCHED THEN INSERT (" + render_column_name_list(value.columns) + ") VALUES (";
321
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 20 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < value.columns.size(); ++index) {
322
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 14 if (index != 0) sql += ", ";
323
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 14 sql += quote_identifier(source_alias) + "." + render_column_name(value.columns[index]);
324 }
325
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 6 sql += ")";
326
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 6 if (m_options.terminate_merge) sql += ";";
327 12 return sql;
328 9 }
329
330 6 std::string render_merge_source(const detail::query_node& value, const std::string& source_alias)
331 {
332
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 6 switch (m_options.merge_sources) {
333 3 case merge_source_style::values_table: {
334
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 3 std::string sql{"(VALUES "};
335
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 6 for (std::size_t row_index = 0; row_index < value.values.size(); ++row_index) {
336
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 3 if (row_index != 0) sql += ", ";
337
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 3 sql += "(" + render_value_expression_list(value.values[row_index]) + ")";
338 }
339
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 3 sql += ")" + render_relation_alias(source_alias) + " (";
340
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 3 sql += render_column_name_list(value.columns) + ")";
341 3 return sql;
342 3 }
343 3 case merge_source_style::union_all_select: {
344
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 3 std::string sql{"("};
345
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 7 for (std::size_t row_index = 0; row_index < value.values.size(); ++row_index) {
346
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 4 if (row_index != 0) sql += " UNION ALL ";
347
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 4 sql += "SELECT ";
348 4 const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& row = value.values[row_index];
349
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 13 for (std::size_t column_index = 0; column_index < row.size(); ++column_index) {
350
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 9 if (column_index != 0) sql += ", ";
351
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 9 sql += render_value_expression(row[column_index]);
352
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 9 if (row_index == 0) sql += " AS " + render_column_name(value.columns[column_index]);
353 }
354
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 4 sql += render_implicit_select_source();
355 }
356
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 3 return sql + ")" + render_relation_alias(source_alias);
357 3 }
358 }
359 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown MERGE source style"};
360 }
361
362 44 static bool contains_column(const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& columns,
363 const detail::expression_ptr& expected)
364 {
365
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 44 if (!expected) return false;
366
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 63 for (const detail::expression_ptr& column : columns) {
367
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 69 if (column && column->kind == detail::expression_kind::column && column->text == expected->text &&
368
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 25 column->qualifier == expected->qualifier) {
369 25 return true;
370 }
371 }
372 19 return false;
373 }
374
375 12 static std::vector<detail::assignment_node> inserted_value_assignments(const detail::query_node& value)
376 {
377 12 std::vector<detail::assignment_node> assignments;
378
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 42 for (const detail::expression_ptr& column : value.columns) {
379
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 30 if (contains_column(value.conflict.target, column)) continue;
380
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 18 if (!column || column->kind != detail::expression_kind::column)
381 ✗ throw render_error{"proposed-value updates require INSERT column expressions"};
382
383
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 18 std::shared_ptr<detail::expression_node> inserted = std::make_shared<detail::expression_node>();
384 18 inserted->kind = detail::expression_kind::inserted_column;
385
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 18 inserted->qualifier = column->qualifier;
386
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 18 inserted->text = column->text;
387 18 assignments.push_back({column, std::move(inserted)});
388 18 }
389 12 return assignments;
390 18 }
391
392 14 static std::vector<detail::assignment_node> conflict_assignments(const detail::query_node& value)
393 {
394
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 14 if (value.conflict.action == detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::update_inserted_values)
395 6 return inserted_value_assignments(value);
396 8 return value.conflict.assignments;
397 }
398
399 3 static bool equivalent_inserted_value_assignments(const std::vector<detail::assignment_node>& actual,
400 const std::vector<detail::assignment_node>& expected)
401 {
402
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 3 if (actual.size() != expected.size()) return false;
403
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 3 for (const detail::assignment_node& expected_assignment : expected) {
404 2 bool found = false;
405
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 2 for (const detail::assignment_node& actual_assignment : actual) {
406
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 4 if (!actual_assignment.column || !expected_assignment.column ||
407
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 6 actual_assignment.column->qualifier != expected_assignment.column->qualifier ||
408 2 actual_assignment.column->text != expected_assignment.column->text) {
409 ✗ continue;
410 }
411
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 4 if (!actual_assignment.value || !expected_assignment.value ||
412
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 2 actual_assignment.value->kind != detail::expression_kind::inserted_column ||
413
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 5 actual_assignment.value->qualifier != expected_assignment.value->qualifier ||
414 1 actual_assignment.value->text != expected_assignment.value->text) {
415 1 return false;
416 }
417 1 found = true;
418 1 break;
419 }
420
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 1 if (!found) return false;
421 }
422 1 return true;
423 }
424
425 18 static bool is_default_value(const detail::expression_ptr& value)
426 {
427
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 18 return value && value->kind == detail::expression_kind::keyword && value->text == "default";
428 }
429
430 12 std::string render_update(const detail::query_node& value)
431 {
432
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 12 if (value.assignments.empty()) throw render_error{"UPDATE requires at least one assignment"};
433
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 12 std::string sql{"UPDATE "};
434
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 12 sql += render_mutation_target(value.target);
435
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 15 sql += " SET " + render_assignments(value.assignments);
436
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 11 if (value.from) {
437
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 2 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::update_from))
438
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 1 throw render_error{"UPDATE FROM is not supported by the selected preset"};
439
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 1 sql += " FROM " + render_relation(value.from);
440 }
441
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 10 if (value.where) sql += " WHERE " + render_expression(value.where);
442
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 10 sql += render_returning(value.returning);
443 10 return sql;
444 2 }
445
446 8 std::string render_update_or_insert(const detail::query_node& value)
447 {
448 using conflict_kind = detail::conflict_clause_node::kind;
449
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 8 if (value.conflict.action != conflict_kind::update &&
450
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 5 value.conflict.action != conflict_kind::update_inserted_values) {
451
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 1 throw render_error{"UPDATE OR INSERT requires an update conflict action"};
452 }
453
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 7 if (value.conflict.target.empty()) throw render_error{"UPDATE OR INSERT requires an explicit conflict target"};
454
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 7 if (value.default_values || value.insert_source)
455 ✗ throw render_error{"UPDATE OR INSERT requires an INSERT VALUES source"};
456
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 7 if (value.columns.empty()) throw render_error{"UPDATE OR INSERT requires INSERT columns"};
457
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 7 if (value.values.size() != 1) throw render_error{"UPDATE OR INSERT requires exactly one VALUES row"};
458
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 6 if (value.values.front().size() != value.columns.size())
459 ✗ throw render_error{"INSERT row width does not match its column list"};
460
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 12 for (const detail::expression_ptr& target : value.conflict.target) {
461
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 6 if (!contains_column(value.columns, target))
462 ✗ throw render_error{"UPDATE OR INSERT targets must be present in the INSERT column list"};
463 }
464
465
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 6 const std::vector<detail::assignment_node> expected = inserted_value_assignments(value);
466
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 6 if (expected.empty()) throw render_error{"UPDATE OR INSERT requires at least one non-target column"};
467
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 9 if (value.conflict.action == conflict_kind::update &&
468
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 3 !equivalent_inserted_value_assignments(value.conflict.assignments, expected)) {
469
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 2 throw render_error{"UPDATE OR INSERT can only update every proposed non-target column with its inserted value"};
470 }
471
472
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 4 std::string sql{"UPDATE OR INSERT INTO "};
473
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 4 sql += render_mutation_target(value.target);
474
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 4 sql += " (" + render_column_name_list(value.columns) + ") VALUES (";
475
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 4 sql += render_value_expression_list(value.values.front()) + ")";
476
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 4 sql += " MATCHING (" + render_column_name_list(value.conflict.target) + ")";
477
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 4 sql += render_returning(value.returning);
478 8 return sql;
479 6 }
480
481 6 std::string render_delete(const detail::query_node& value)
482 {
483
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 6 std::string sql{"DELETE FROM "};
484
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 6 sql += render_mutation_target(value.target);
485
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 6 if (value.from) {
486
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 2 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::delete_using))
487
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 1 throw render_error{"DELETE USING is not supported by the selected preset"};
488
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 1 sql += " USING " + render_relation(value.from);
489 }
490
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 5 if (value.where) sql += " WHERE " + render_expression(value.where);
491
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 5 sql += render_returning(value.returning);
492 5 return sql;
493 1 }
494
495 77 std::string render_mutation_target(const detail::relation_ptr& value) const
496 {
497
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 77 if (!value || value->kind != detail::relation_kind::table || value->name.empty())
498 ✗ throw render_error{"a mutation statement requires a table target"};
499
500
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 77 if (!value->alias.empty()) throw render_error{"aliased mutation targets are not supported yet"};
501 77 return render_qualified_identifier(value->qualifiers, value->name);
502 }
503
504 69 std::string render_column_name_list(const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& values) const
505 {
506 69 std::string sql;
507
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 187 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < values.size(); ++index) {
508
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 118 if (index != 0) sql += ", ";
509
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 118 sql += render_column_name(values[index]);
510 }
511 69 return sql;
512 ✗ }
513
514 181 std::string render_column_name(const detail::expression_ptr& value) const
515 {
516
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 181 if (!value || value->kind != detail::expression_kind::column || value->text.empty())
517 ✗ throw render_error{"a mutation column list requires column expressions"};
518
519 181 return quote_identifier(value->text);
520 }
521
522 31 std::string render_assignments(const std::vector<detail::assignment_node>& values, bool conflict = false,
523 std::string inserted_row_alias = {},
524 std::vector<std::string> inserted_target_qualifier = {},
525 std::string merge_target_alias = {})
526 {
527
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 31 if (values.empty()) throw render_error{"an assignment list cannot be empty"};
528 31 const bool previous_conflict_state = m_rendering_conflict_assignments;
529 31 std::string previous_inserted_row_alias = std::move(m_inserted_row_alias);
530 31 std::vector<std::string> previous_inserted_target_qualifier = std::move(m_inserted_target_qualifier);
531 31 std::string previous_merge_target_alias = std::move(m_merge_target_alias);
532 31 std::vector<std::string> previous_merge_target_qualifier = std::move(m_merge_target_qualifier);
533 31 m_rendering_conflict_assignments = conflict;
534 31 m_inserted_row_alias = std::move(inserted_row_alias);
535 31 m_inserted_target_qualifier = std::move(inserted_target_qualifier);
536 31 m_merge_target_alias = std::move(merge_target_alias);
537
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 31 m_merge_target_qualifier = m_inserted_target_qualifier;
538 31 std::string sql;
539
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 64 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < values.size(); ++index) {
540
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 36 if (!values[index].value) throw render_error{"an assignment requires a value"};
541
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 36 if (index != 0) sql += ", ";
542
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 36 sql += render_column_name(values[index].column);
543
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 36 sql += " = ";
544
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 36 sql += render_value_expression(values[index].value);
545 }
546 28 m_rendering_conflict_assignments = previous_conflict_state;
547 28 m_inserted_row_alias = std::move(previous_inserted_row_alias);
548 28 m_inserted_target_qualifier = std::move(previous_inserted_target_qualifier);
549 28 m_merge_target_alias = std::move(previous_merge_target_alias);
550 28 m_merge_target_qualifier = std::move(previous_merge_target_qualifier);
551 56 return sql;
552 43 }
553
554 40 std::string render_conflict_clause(const detail::query_node& query, const std::string& inserted_row_alias,
555 const std::vector<std::string>& inserted_target_qualifier)
556 {
557 using conflict_kind = detail::conflict_clause_node::kind;
558 40 const detail::conflict_clause_node& value = query.conflict;
559
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 40 if (value.action == conflict_kind::none) return {};
560
561
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 24 if (value.action == conflict_kind::duplicate_key_update) {
562
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 6 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::on_duplicate_key_update))
563
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 1 throw render_error{"ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE is not supported by the selected preset"};
564
565 return " ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE " +
566
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 5 render_assignments(value.assignments, true, inserted_row_alias, inserted_target_qualifier);
567 }
568
569
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 18 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::on_conflict))
570
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 3 throw render_error{"ON CONFLICT is not supported by the selected preset"};
571
572
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 15 std::string sql{" ON CONFLICT"};
573
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 15 if (!value.target.empty()) sql += " (" + render_column_name_list(value.target) + ")";
574
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 15 if (value.action == conflict_kind::do_nothing) return sql + " DO NOTHING";
575
576
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 10 if (value.action == conflict_kind::update || value.action == conflict_kind::update_inserted_values) {
577
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 12 if (value.target.empty() &&
578 2 has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::conflict_update_requires_target)) {
579
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 1 throw render_error{"ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE requires a conflict target for the selected preset"};
580 }
581
582
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 14 return sql + " DO UPDATE SET " +
583
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 31 render_assignments(conflict_assignments(query), true, {}, inserted_target_qualifier);
584 }
585
586 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown conflict action"};
587 15 }
588
589 52 std::string render_returning(const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& values)
590 {
591
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 52 if (values.empty()) return {};
592
593
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 11 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::returning))
594
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 1 throw render_error{"RETURNING is not supported by the selected preset"};
595
596
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 10 return " RETURNING " + render_result_expression_list(values);
597 }
598
599 285 std::string render_ctes(const detail::query_node& value)
600 {
601
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 285 if (value.ctes.empty()) {
602
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 273 if (value.recursive) throw render_error{"a recursive query requires at least one CTE"};
603 273 return {};
604 }
605
606
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 12 if (value.recursive && !has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::recursive_cte))
607
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 1 throw render_error{"recursive CTEs are not supported by the selected SQL options"};
608
609
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 11 std::string sql{"WITH "};
610
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 11 if (value.recursive && m_options.recursive_ctes == recursive_cte_style::recursive_keyword) sql = "WITH RECURSIVE ";
611 11 std::unordered_set<std::string> cte_names;
612
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 22 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < value.ctes.size(); ++index) {
613 14 const detail::common_table_expression_node& cte = value.ctes[index];
614
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 14 if (cte.name.empty() || !cte.query) throw render_error{"a CTE requires a name and query"};
615
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 14 if (!cte_names.emplace(cte.name).second) throw render_error{"CTE names must be unique within a query"};
616
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 16 if (cte.query->kind != detail::statement_kind::select &&
617
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 3 !has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::data_modifying_cte)) {
618
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 2 throw render_error{"data-modifying CTEs are not supported by the selected preset"};
619 }
620
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 11 if (index != 0) sql += ", ";
621
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 11 sql += quote_identifier(cte.name);
622
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 11 if (!cte.columns.empty()) {
623
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 7 sql += " (";
624
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 14 for (std::size_t column_index = 0; column_index < cte.columns.size(); ++column_index) {
625
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 7 if (column_index != 0) sql += ", ";
626
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 7 sql += quote_identifier(cte.columns[column_index]);
627 }
628
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 7 sql += ")";
629 }
630
631
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 11 sql += " AS (";
632
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 11 sql += render_query_node(*cte.query);
633
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 11 sql += ")";
634 }
635
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 8 return sql + " ";
636 14 }
637
638 18 std::string set_operation_keyword(detail::set_operation_kind kind) const
639 {
640
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 18 switch (kind) {
641 5 case detail::set_operation_kind::union_:
642
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 10 return "UNION";
643 6 case detail::set_operation_kind::union_all:
644
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 12 return "UNION ALL";
645 4 case detail::set_operation_kind::intersect:
646
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 4 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::intersect))
647
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 1 throw render_error{"INTERSECT is not supported by the selected SQL options"};
648
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 6 return "INTERSECT";
649 3 case detail::set_operation_kind::except:
650
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 3 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::except))
651
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 1 throw render_error{"EXCEPT is not supported by the selected SQL options"};
652
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 4 return m_options.except_operator == except_style::minus_keyword ? "MINUS" : "EXCEPT";
653 }
654 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown set operation kind"};
655 }
656
657 18 static int set_operation_precedence(detail::set_operation_kind kind)
658 {
659
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 18 return kind == detail::set_operation_kind::intersect ? 20 : 10;
660 }
661
662 16 std::string render_set_operand(const detail::query_node& value)
663 {
664 16 std::string sql = render_query_node(value);
665
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 16 if (!value.set_operations.empty() || !value.order_by.empty() || value.limit || value.offset || !value.ctes.empty())
666
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 3 sql = group_set_sql(std::move(sql));
667 16 return sql;
668 ✗ }
669
670 5 std::string group_set_sql(std::string sql) const
671 {
672
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 5 if (m_options.set_operands == set_operand_style::parenthesized) return "(" + sql + ")";
673
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 4 return "SELECT * FROM (" + sql + ")" + render_relation_alias("_sqlon_set_operand");
674 }
675
676 23 std::string render_expression_list(const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& values)
677 {
678 23 std::string sql;
679
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 46 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < values.size(); ++index) {
680
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 23 if (index != 0) sql += ", ";
681
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 23 sql += render_expression(values[index]);
682 }
683 23 return sql;
684 ✗ }
685
686 10 std::string render_result_expression_list(const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& values)
687 {
688 10 std::string sql;
689
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 20 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < values.size(); ++index) {
690
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 10 if (index != 0) sql += ", ";
691
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 10 sql += render_expression(values[index], 0, expression_context::result);
692 }
693 10 return sql;
694 ✗ }
695
696 47 std::string render_value_expression_list(const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& values)
697 {
698 47 std::string sql;
699
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 137 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < values.size(); ++index) {
700
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 91 if (index != 0) sql += ", ";
701
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 91 sql += render_value_expression(values[index]);
702 }
703 46 return sql;
704 1 }
705
706 136 std::string render_value_expression(const detail::expression_ptr& value)
707 {
708
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 136 if (value && value->kind == detail::expression_kind::keyword && value->text == "default") {
709
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 5 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::default_value))
710
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 2 throw render_error{"DEFAULT values are not supported by the selected preset"};
711
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 6 return "DEFAULT";
712 }
713 131 return render_expression(value);
714 }
715
716 19 std::string render_order_by(const std::vector<detail::order_by_node>& values)
717 {
718 19 std::string sql;
719
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 39 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < values.size(); ++index) {
720
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 21 if (!values[index].expression) throw render_error{"ORDER BY requires an expression"};
721
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 27 if (values[index].nulls != detail::nulls_order::unspecified &&
722
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 6 !has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::nulls_ordering)) {
723
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 1 throw render_error{"NULLS FIRST/LAST is not supported by the selected SQL options"};
724 }
725
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 20 if (index != 0) sql += ", ";
726
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 20 sql += render_expression(values[index].expression);
727
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 20 sql += values[index].direction == detail::order_direction::descending ? " DESC" : " ASC";
728
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 20 if (values[index].nulls == detail::nulls_order::first) sql += " NULLS FIRST";
729
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 20 if (values[index].nulls == detail::nulls_order::last) sql += " NULLS LAST";
730 }
731 18 return sql;
732 1 }
733
734 892 std::string render_expression(const detail::expression_ptr& value, int parent_precedence = 0,
735 expression_context context = expression_context::value)
736 {
737
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 892 if (!value) throw render_error{"cannot render an empty expression node"};
738
739
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 892 switch (value->kind) {
740 278 case detail::expression_kind::column:
741 278 return render_column(*value);
742 270 case detail::expression_kind::parameter:
743 270 return render_parameter(*value);
744 34 case detail::expression_kind::parameter_slot:
745 34 return render_parameter_slot(*value);
746 41 case detail::expression_kind::literal:
747 41 return render_literal(*value);
748 20 case detail::expression_kind::inserted_column:
749 20 return render_inserted_column(*value);
750 6 case detail::expression_kind::keyword:
751 6 return render_keyword(*value);
752 16 case detail::expression_kind::alias:
753
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 16 if (value->operands.size() != 1) throw render_error{"an aliased expression requires one operand"};
754
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 16 if (value->text.empty()) throw render_error{"an aliased expression requires a name"};
755
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 16 if (context == expression_context::result)
756
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 14 return render_expression(value->operands.front()) + " AS " + quote_identifier(value->text);
757 2 return render_expression(value->operands.front(), parent_precedence);
758 118 case detail::expression_kind::binary:
759 118 return render_binary(*value, parent_precedence);
760 9 case detail::expression_kind::unary:
761 9 return render_unary(*value, parent_precedence);
762 27 case detail::expression_kind::function:
763 27 return render_function(*value);
764 15 case detail::expression_kind::function_call:
765 15 return render_function_call(*value);
766 2 case detail::expression_kind::distinct:
767
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 2 if (value->operands.size() != 1) throw render_error{"DISTINCT requires one expression"};
768
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 2 return "DISTINCT " + render_expression(value->operands.front());
769 17 case detail::expression_kind::window:
770 17 return render_window(*value);
771 2 case detail::expression_kind::case_:
772 2 return render_case(*value);
773 27 case detail::expression_kind::raw_expression:
774 27 return render_raw_expression(*value);
775 1 case detail::expression_kind::raw:
776
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 1 if (value->text.empty()) throw render_error{"a raw SQL expression cannot be empty"};
777 1 return value->text;
778 6 case detail::expression_kind::subquery:
779
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 6 if (!value->subquery) throw render_error{"a subquery expression requires a query"};
780
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 6 return "(" + render_query_node(*value->subquery) + ")";
781 2 case detail::expression_kind::exists:
782
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 2 if (!value->subquery) throw render_error{"EXISTS requires a subquery"};
783
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 2 return "EXISTS (" + render_query_node(*value->subquery) + ")";
784 1 default:
785
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 1 throw render_error{"this expression kind is not implemented yet"};
786 }
787 }
788
789 27 std::string render_raw_expression(const detail::expression_node& value)
790 {
791
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 27 if (value.text.empty()) throw render_error{"a raw expression template cannot be empty"};
792
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 26 if (value.operands.empty()) throw render_error{"a raw expression requires at least one operand"};
793
794
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 25 std::string sql{"("};
795 25 std::size_t operand_index = 0;
796
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 240 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < value.text.size(); ++index) {
797 218 const char character = value.text[index];
798
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 218 if (character == '{') {
799
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 47 if (index + 1 >= value.text.size() || value.text[index + 1] != '}')
800
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 1 throw render_error{"a raw expression template contains malformed syntax"};
801
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 46 if (operand_index >= value.operands.size())
802
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 1 throw render_error{"a raw expression has fewer operands than {} positions"};
803
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 45 sql += render_expression(value.operands[operand_index++]);
804 45 ++index;
805
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 171 } else if (character == '}') {
806
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 1 throw render_error{"a raw expression template contains malformed syntax"};
807 } else {
808
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 170 sql += character;
809 }
810 }
811
812
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 22 if (operand_index != value.operands.size())
813
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 1 throw render_error{"a raw expression has more operands than {} positions"};
814
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 42 return sql + ")";
815 25 }
816
817 118 std::string render_binary(const detail::expression_node& value, int parent_precedence)
818 {
819
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 118 if (value.operands.size() != 2) throw render_error{"a binary expression requires two operands"};
820 118 const int precedence = binary_precedence(value.text);
821 118 std::string sql = render_expression(value.operands[0], precedence);
822
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 118 sql += " " + binary_operator(value.text) + " ";
823
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 118 sql += render_expression(value.operands[1], precedence + 1);
824
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 116 if (precedence < parent_precedence) sql = "(" + sql + ")";
825 116 return sql;
826 2 }
827
828 9 std::string render_unary(const detail::expression_node& value, int parent_precedence)
829 {
830
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 9 if (value.operands.size() != 1) throw render_error{"a unary expression requires one operand"};
831
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 9 if (value.text == "group") return "(" + render_expression(value.operands[0]) + ")";
832
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 6 if (value.text == "is_null") return render_expression(value.operands[0], 30) + " IS NULL";
833
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 5 if (value.text == "is_not_null") return render_expression(value.operands[0], 30) + " IS NOT NULL";
834
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 2 if (value.text == "not") {
835 2 constexpr int precedence = 25;
836
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 2 std::string sql = "NOT " + render_expression(value.operands[0], precedence);
837
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 2 if (precedence < parent_precedence) sql = "(" + sql + ")";
838 2 return sql;
839 2 }
840
841 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown unary expression operation"};
842 }
843
844 27 std::string render_function(const detail::expression_node& value)
845 {
846
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 27 if (value.text == "in" || value.text == "not_in") {
847
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 6 if (value.operands.size() < 2) throw render_error{"IN requires at least one value"};
848
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 6 if (value.operands.size() == 2 && value.operands[1]->kind == detail::expression_kind::subquery) {
849
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 3 std::string sql = render_expression(value.operands.front(), 30);
850
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 3 sql += value.text == "not_in" ? " NOT IN " : " IN ";
851
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 3 sql += render_expression(value.operands[1]);
852 3 return sql;
853 3 }
854
855
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 3 std::string sql = render_expression(value.operands.front(), 30);
856
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 3 sql += value.text == "not_in" ? " NOT IN (" : " IN (";
857
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 12 for (std::size_t index = 1; index < value.operands.size(); ++index) {
858
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 9 if (index != 1) sql += ", ";
859
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 9 sql += render_expression(value.operands[index]);
860 }
861
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 3 return sql + ")";
862 3 }
863
864
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 21 if (value.text == "between") {
865
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 2 if (value.operands.size() != 3) throw render_error{"BETWEEN requires a lower and upper bound"};
866
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 2 std::string sql = render_expression(value.operands[0], 30);
867
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 2 sql += " BETWEEN ";
868
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 2 sql += render_expression(value.operands[1]);
869
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 2 sql += " AND ";
870
2/2
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 2 sql += render_expression(value.operands[2]);
871 2 return sql;
872 2 }
873
874
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 19 if (value.text == "count_all") {
875
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 1 if (!value.operands.empty()) throw render_error{"COUNT(*) does not accept operands"};
876
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 2 return "COUNT(*)";
877 }
878
879
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 19 if (value.text == "count" || value.text == "sum" || value.text == "min" || value.text == "max" ||
880
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 1 value.text == "avg") {
881
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 18 if (value.operands.size() != 1) throw render_error{"an aggregate function requires one operand"};
882
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 18 std::string name = value.text;
883
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 84 for (char& character : name)
884 66 character = static_cast<char>(std::toupper(static_cast<unsigned char>(character)));
885
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 18 return name + "(" + render_expression(value.operands.front()) + ")";
886 18 }
887
888 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown SQL function expression"};
889 }
890
891 15 std::string render_function_call(const detail::expression_node& value)
892 {
893
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 15 if (!detail::valid_function_name(value.text)) throw render_error{"a SQL function has an invalid name"};
894
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 15 std::string name = value.text;
895
2/2
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 105 for (char& character : name)
896 90 character = static_cast<char>(std::toupper(static_cast<unsigned char>(character)));
897
4/4
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 30 return name + "(" + render_expression_list(value.operands) + ")";
898 15 }
899
900 17 std::string render_window(const detail::expression_node& value)
901 {
902
2/2
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 17 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::window_functions))
903
1/1
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 1 throw render_error{"window functions are not supported by the selected preset"};
904
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 16 if (value.operands.size() != 1 || !value.window)
905 ✗ throw render_error{"a window expression requires one expression and a window specification"};
906
5/5
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 20 if (contains_distinct(value.operands.front()) &&
907
2/2
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 4 !has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::distinct_window_aggregates)) {
908
1/1
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 3 throw render_error{"DISTINCT window aggregates are not supported by the selected preset"};
909 }
910
911 13 const detail::window_spec_node& window = *value.window;
912
2/2
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 13 std::string sql = render_expression(value.operands.front()) + " OVER (";
913 13 bool has_clause = false;
914
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 13 if (!window.partition_by.empty()) {
915
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 4 sql += "PARTITION BY " + render_expression_list(window.partition_by);
916 4 has_clause = true;
917 }
918
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 13 if (!window.order_by.empty()) {
919
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 4 if (has_clause) sql += " ";
920
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 4 sql += "ORDER BY " + render_order_by(window.order_by);
921 4 has_clause = true;
922 }
923
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 13 if (window.frame) {
924
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 7 if (has_clause) sql += " ";
925
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 7 sql += render_window_frame(*window.frame);
926 }
927
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 24 return sql + ")";
928 13 }
929
930 7 std::string render_window_frame(const detail::window_frame_node& value)
931 {
932 7 std::string sql;
933
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 7 switch (value.mode) {
934 4 case detail::window_frame_mode::rows:
935
1/1
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 4 sql = "ROWS ";
936 4 break;
937 1 case detail::window_frame_mode::range:
938
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 1 sql = "RANGE ";
939 1 break;
940 2 case detail::window_frame_mode::groups:
941
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 2 if (!has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::groups_window_frame))
942
1/1
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 1 throw render_error{"GROUPS window frames are not supported by the selected preset"};
943
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 1 sql = "GROUPS ";
944 1 break;
945 }
946
947
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 6 if (!value.end) return sql + render_window_bound(value.start);
948
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 3 return sql + "BETWEEN " + render_window_bound(value.start) + " AND " + render_window_bound(*value.end);
949 7 }
950
951 9 static std::string render_window_bound(const detail::window_frame_bound_node& value)
952 {
953
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 9 switch (value.kind) {
954 2 case detail::window_frame_bound_kind::unbounded_preceding:
955
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 4 return "UNBOUNDED PRECEDING";
956 2 case detail::window_frame_bound_kind::preceding:
957
2/2
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 2 return std::to_string(value.offset) + " PRECEDING";
958 3 case detail::window_frame_bound_kind::current_row:
959
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✓ Branch 1 taken 3 times.
 6 return "CURRENT ROW";
960 1 case detail::window_frame_bound_kind::following:
961
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 1 return std::to_string(value.offset) + " FOLLOWING";
962 1 case detail::window_frame_bound_kind::unbounded_following:
963
1/1
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 2 return "UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING";
964 }
965 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown window frame bound"};
966 }
967
968 27 static bool contains_distinct(const detail::expression_ptr& value)
969 {
970
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 27 if (!value) return false;
971
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 27 if (value->kind == detail::expression_kind::distinct) return true;
972
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 30 for (const detail::expression_ptr& operand : value->operands)
973
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 11 if (contains_distinct(operand)) return true;
974 19 return false;
975 }
976
977 2 std::string render_case(const detail::expression_node& value)
978 {
979
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 2 if (value.operands.size() < 3 || value.operands.size() % 2 == 0)
980 ✗ throw render_error{"CASE requires one or more WHEN branches and an ELSE expression"};
981
982
1/1
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 2 std::string sql{"CASE"};
983
2/2
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 6 for (std::size_t index = 0; index + 1 < value.operands.size(); index += 2) {
984
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 4 sql += " WHEN ";
985
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 4 sql += render_expression(value.operands[index]);
986
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 4 sql += " THEN ";
987
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 4 sql += render_expression(value.operands[index + 1]);
988 }
989
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 2 sql += " ELSE " + render_expression(value.operands.back()) + " END";
990 2 return sql;
991 ✗ }
992
993 118 static int binary_precedence(const std::string& operation)
994 {
995
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 118 if (operation == "or") return 10;
996
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 109 if (operation == "and") return 20;
997
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 125 if (operation == "=" || operation == "!=" || operation == "<" || operation == "<=" || operation == ">" ||
998
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 125 operation == ">=" || operation == "like" || operation == "not_like") {
999 82 return 30;
1000 }
1001
1002
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 10 if (operation == "+" || operation == "-") return 40;
1003
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 4 if (operation == "*" || operation == "/") return 50;
1004 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown binary expression operation"};
1005 }
1006
1007 118 static std::string binary_operator(const std::string& operation)
1008 {
1009
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 152 if (operation == "and") return "AND";
1010
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 119 if (operation == "or") return "OR";
1011
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 94 if (operation == "!=") return "<>";
1012
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 93 if (operation == "like") return "LIKE";
1013
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 92 if (operation == "not_like") return "NOT LIKE";
1014
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 119 if (operation == "=" || operation == "<" || operation == "<=" || operation == ">" || operation == ">=" ||
1015
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 119 operation == "+" || operation == "-" || operation == "*" || operation == "/") {
1016 89 return operation;
1017 }
1018
1019 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown binary expression operation"};
1020 }
1021
1022 278 std::string render_column(const detail::expression_node& value) const
1023 {
1024
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 278 if (value.text.empty()) throw render_error{"a column requires a name"};
1025
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 278 if (value.qualifier.empty()) return quote_identifier(value.text);
1026
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 278 if (!m_merge_target_alias.empty() && value.qualifier == m_merge_target_qualifier)
1027
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 1 return quote_identifier(m_merge_target_alias) + "." + quote_identifier(value.text);
1028 277 return render_qualified_identifier(value.qualifier, value.text);
1029 }
1030
1031 20 std::string render_inserted_column(const detail::expression_node& value) const
1032 {
1033
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 20 if (!m_rendering_conflict_assignments)
1034
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 1 throw render_error{"inserted column references are only valid in INSERT conflict assignments"};
1035
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 19 if (value.text.empty()) throw render_error{"an inserted column reference requires a name"};
1036
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 19 if (value.qualifier != m_inserted_target_qualifier)
1037
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 1 throw render_error{"inserted values must reference columns of the inserted table"};
1038
1039
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 18 switch (m_options.inserted_row_references) {
1040 8 case inserted_row_reference_style::excluded_table:
1041
2/2
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 8 return "EXCLUDED." + quote_identifier(value.text);
1042 2 case inserted_row_reference_style::values_row_alias:
1043
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 2 if (m_inserted_row_alias.empty())
1044 ✗ throw render_error{"the selected proposed-row reference style requires a VALUES row alias"};
1045
4/4
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 2 return quote_identifier(m_inserted_row_alias) + "." + quote_identifier(value.text);
1046 7 case inserted_row_reference_style::merge_source:
1047
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 7 if (m_inserted_row_alias.empty()) throw render_error{"a generated MERGE source alias is unavailable"};
1048
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 7 return quote_identifier(m_inserted_row_alias) + "." + quote_identifier(value.text);
1049 1 case inserted_row_reference_style::unsupported:
1050
1/1
✓ Branch 2 taken 1 time.
 1 throw render_error{"inserted column references are not supported by the selected SQL options"};
1051 }
1052 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown proposed-row reference style"};
1053 }
1054
1055 121 std::string render_relation(const detail::relation_ptr& value)
1056 {
1057
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 121 if (!value) throw render_error{"cannot render an empty relation node"};
1058
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 121 if (value->kind == detail::relation_kind::join) return render_join(*value);
1059
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 105 if (value->kind == detail::relation_kind::subquery) {
1060
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 2 if (!value->subquery) throw render_error{"a derived relation requires a query"};
1061
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 2 if (value->alias.empty()) throw render_error{"a derived relation requires an alias"};
1062
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 2 return "(" + render_query_node(*value->subquery) + ")" + render_relation_alias(value->alias);
1063 }
1064
1065
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 103 if (value->kind == detail::relation_kind::cte) {
1066
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 4 if (value->name.empty()) throw render_error{"a CTE relation requires a name"};
1067
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 4 std::string sql = quote_identifier(value->name);
1068
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 4 if (!value->alias.empty()) sql += render_relation_alias(value->alias);
1069 4 return sql;
1070 4 }
1071
1072
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 99 if (value->kind != detail::relation_kind::table) throw render_error{"this relation kind is not implemented yet"};
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 99 if (value->name.empty()) throw render_error{"a table requires a name"};
1074
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 99 std::string sql = render_qualified_identifier(value->qualifiers, value->name);
1076
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 99 if (!value->alias.empty()) sql += render_relation_alias(value->alias);
1077 99 return sql;
1078 99 }
1079
1080 16 std::string render_join(const detail::relation_node& value)
1081 {
1082
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 16 if (!value.left || !value.right) throw render_error{"a join requires left and right relations"};
1083
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 19 if (value.join_type == detail::join_kind::right &&
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 3 !has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::right_join)) {
1085
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 1 throw render_error{"RIGHT JOIN is not supported by the selected SQL options"};
1086 }
1087
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 18 if (value.join_type == detail::join_kind::full &&
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 3 !has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::full_join))
1089
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 1 throw render_error{"FULL JOIN is not supported by the selected SQL options"};
1090
1091 14 std::string sql = render_relation(value.left);
1092
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 14 sql += " " + join_keyword(value.join_type) + " ";
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 14 if (value.right->kind == detail::relation_kind::join)
1094
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 1 sql += "(" + render_relation(value.right) + ")";
1095 else
1096
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 13 sql += render_relation(value.right);
1097
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 14 if (value.join_type == detail::join_kind::cross) {
1098
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 3 if (value.condition) throw render_error{"CROSS JOIN cannot have an ON condition"};
1099 3 return sql;
1100 }
1101
1102
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 11 if (!value.condition) throw render_error{"this join requires an ON condition"};
1103
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 11 sql += " ON ";
1104
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 11 sql += render_expression(value.condition);
1105 11 return sql;
1106 ✗ }
1107
1108 14 static std::string join_keyword(detail::join_kind kind)
1109 {
1110
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 14 switch (kind) {
1111 4 case detail::join_kind::inner:
1112
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 8 return "INNER JOIN";
1113 3 case detail::join_kind::left:
1114
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 6 return "LEFT JOIN";
1115 2 case detail::join_kind::right:
1116
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 4 return "RIGHT JOIN";
1117 2 case detail::join_kind::full:
1118
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 4 return "FULL JOIN";
1119 3 case detail::join_kind::cross:
1120
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 6 return "CROSS JOIN";
1121 }
1122 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown join kind"};
1123 }
1124
1125 1053 std::string quote_identifier(const std::string& identifier) const
1126 {
1127
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 1053 if (identifier.empty()) throw render_error{"cannot quote an empty identifier"};
1128
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 1053 if (m_options.identifier_quotes == identifier_quote_style::brackets) {
1129
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 77 std::string result{"["};
1130
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 590 for (const char character : identifier) {
1131
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 513 result += character;
1132
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 513 if (character == ']') result += ']';
1133 }
1134
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 77 return result + "]";
1135 77 }
1136
1137
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 976 const char quote = m_options.identifier_quotes == identifier_quote_style::backtick ? '`' : '"';
1138
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 976 std::string result(1, quote);
1139
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 5707 for (const char character : identifier) {
1140
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 4731 result += character;
1141
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 4731 if (character == quote) result += quote;
1142 }
1143
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 976 result += quote;
1144 976 return result;
1145 976 }
1146
1147 13 static std::string render_unquoted_identifier(const std::string& identifier)
1148 {
1149
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 13 if (identifier.empty()) throw render_error{"cannot render an empty unquoted identifier"};
1150
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 83 for (const char character : identifier) {
1151 71 const unsigned char value = static_cast<unsigned char>(character);
1152
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 71 if (!std::isalnum(value) && character != '_' && character != '$' && character != '#')
1153
1/1
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 1 throw render_error{"an unquoted identifier contains an unsupported character"};
1154 }
1155 12 return identifier;
1156 }
1157
1158 36 std::string render_relation_alias(const std::string& alias) const
1159 {
1160
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 36 const std::string prefix = m_options.relation_aliases == relation_alias_style::with_as ? " AS " : " ";
1161
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 72 return prefix + quote_identifier(alias);
1162 36 }
1163
1164 454 std::string render_qualified_identifier(const std::vector<std::string>& qualifiers,
1165 const std::string& identifier) const
1166 {
1167 454 std::string sql;
1168
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 742 for (const std::string& qualifier : qualifiers) {
1169
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 288 if (!sql.empty()) sql += ".";
1170
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 288 sql += quote_identifier(qualifier);
1171 }
1172
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 454 if (!sql.empty()) sql += ".";
1173
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 908 return sql + quote_identifier(identifier);
1174 454 }
1175
1176 15 static bool contains_inserted_row(const detail::expression_ptr& value)
1177 {
1178
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 15 if (!value) return false;
1179
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 15 if (value->kind == detail::expression_kind::inserted_column) return true;
1180
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 6 for (const detail::expression_ptr& operand : value->operands)
1181 ✗ if (contains_inserted_row(operand)) return true;
1182 6 return false;
1183 }
1184
1185 45 static std::vector<std::string> relation_qualifier(const detail::relation_ptr& value)
1186 {
1187
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 45 if (!value || value->kind != detail::relation_kind::table) return {};
1188
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 45 if (!value->alias.empty()) return {value->alias};
1189
1190
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 45 std::vector<std::string> qualifier = value->qualifiers;
1191
1/1
✓ Branch 2 taken 45 times.
 45 qualifier.push_back(value->name);
1192 45 return qualifier;
1193 45 }
1194
1195 4 static std::string make_inserted_row_alias(const detail::relation_ptr& target)
1196 {
1197
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 4 std::string alias{"_sqlon_inserted"};
1198
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 4 if (!target) return alias;
1199
2/2
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 5 while (equal_ascii_case_insensitive(alias, target->name))
1200
1/1
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 1 alias += "_";
1201 4 return alias;
1202 ✗ }
1203
1204 5 static bool equal_ascii_case_insensitive(const std::string& left, const std::string& right)
1205 {
1206
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 5 if (left.size() != right.size()) return false;
1207
2/2
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 16 for (std::size_t index = 0; index < left.size(); ++index) {
1208 15 const unsigned char left_character = static_cast<unsigned char>(left[index]);
1209 15 const unsigned char right_character = static_cast<unsigned char>(right[index]);
1210
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✓ Branch 1 taken 15 times.
 15 if (std::tolower(left_character) != std::tolower(right_character)) return false;
1211 }
1212 1 return true;
1213 }
1214
1215 49 static bool conflict_uses_inserted_row(const detail::conflict_clause_node& value)
1216 {
1217
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 49 if (value.action == detail::conflict_clause_node::kind::update_inserted_values) return true;
1218
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 51 for (const detail::assignment_node& assignment : value.assignments)
1219
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✓ Branch 4 taken 6 times.
 15 if (contains_inserted_row(assignment.value)) return true;
1220 36 return false;
1221 }
1222
1223 270 std::string render_parameter(const detail::expression_node& value)
1224 {
1225
2/2
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 270 if (m_mode == renderer_mode::prepared)
1226
1/1
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 1 throw render_error{"a prepared query definition must use parameter_slot values instead of bound values"};
1227
1228
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 269 if (!value.bound_parameter) throw render_error{"a bound parameter has no value"};
1229
1230
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 269 if (!value.text.empty() && supports_parameter_reuse()) {
1231
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 20 const auto existing = m_named_parameter_positions.find(value.text);
1232
2/2
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✓ Branch 3 taken 14 times.
 20 if (existing != m_named_parameter_positions.end()) {
1233 6 const parameter_storage& existing_value = m_result.parameters[existing->second].value.value();
1234
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 6 if (existing_value != value.bound_parameter->value())
1235
1/1
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 1 throw render_error{"a named parameter is used with conflicting values"};
1236
1237
1/1
✓ Branch 4 taken 5 times.
 5 return *m_result.parameters[existing->second].placeholder;
1238 }
1239 }
1240
1241 263 const std::size_t position = m_result.parameters.size();
1242
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 263 std::string rendered_placeholder = placeholder(position, value.text);
1243
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✓ Branch 2 taken 18 times.
 520 m_result.parameters.push_back({value.text.empty() ? std::nullopt : std::optional<std::string>{value.text},
1244 *value.bound_parameter, rendered_placeholder});
1245
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 260 if (!value.text.empty() && supports_parameter_reuse()) m_named_parameter_positions.emplace(value.text, position);
1246
1247 260 return rendered_placeholder;
1248 520 }
1249
1250 34 std::string render_parameter_slot(const detail::expression_node& value)
1251 {
1252
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 34 if (m_mode != renderer_mode::prepared) throw render_error{"an unbound parameter slot requires prepare()"};
1253
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 34 if (!value.parameter_slot) throw render_error{"a prepared parameter slot has no metadata"};
1254
1255 34 const detail::parameter_slot_node& slot = *value.parameter_slot;
1256
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 34 if (slot.name.empty()) throw render_error{"a prepared parameter requires a non-empty name"};
1257
1258 34 std::size_t logical_index{};
1259 const std::unordered_map<std::size_t, std::size_t>::const_iterator existing_slot =
1260
1/1
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 34 m_prepared_parameter_indices.find(slot.identity);
1261
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 34 if (existing_slot == m_prepared_parameter_indices.end()) {
1262 const std::unordered_map<std::string, std::size_t>::const_iterator existing_name =
1263
1/1
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 29 m_prepared_parameter_names.find(slot.name);
1264
2/2
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 29 if (existing_name != m_prepared_parameter_names.end())
1265
1/1
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 1 throw render_error{"prepared parameter names must be unique"};
1266
1267 28 logical_index = m_prepared_parameters.size();
1268 28 m_prepared_parameters.push_back({slot.identity, slot.name, slot.kind, slot.nullable, slot.custom_type_id});
1269
1/1
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 28 m_prepared_parameter_indices.emplace(slot.identity, logical_index);
1270
1/1
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 28 m_prepared_parameter_names.emplace(slot.name, logical_index);
1271 } else {
1272 5 logical_index = existing_slot->second;
1273 5 const prepared_parameter& existing = m_prepared_parameters[logical_index];
1274 5 const bool custom_types_match = existing.custom_type_id == slot.custom_type_id;
1275
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 10 if (existing.name != slot.name || existing.kind != slot.kind || existing.nullable != slot.nullable ||
1276
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 5 !custom_types_match)
1277 ✗ throw render_error{"a prepared parameter identity has conflicting metadata"};
1278 }
1279
1280
2/2
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 33 if (supports_parameter_reuse()) {
1281 const std::unordered_map<std::size_t, std::size_t>::const_iterator existing_position =
1282
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 29 m_prepared_parameter_positions.find(slot.identity);
1283
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 29 if (existing_position != m_prepared_parameter_positions.end())
1284
1/1
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 3 return *m_prepared_bindings[existing_position->second].placeholder;
1285 }
1286
1287 30 const std::size_t binding_position = m_prepared_bindings.size();
1288
1/1
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 30 std::string rendered_placeholder = placeholder(binding_position, slot.name);
1289
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 30 m_prepared_bindings.push_back({logical_index, rendered_placeholder});
1290
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 30 if (supports_parameter_reuse()) m_prepared_parameter_positions.emplace(slot.identity, binding_position);
1291 30 return rendered_placeholder;
1292 88 }
1293
1294 293 std::string placeholder(std::size_t position, const std::string& logical_name)
1295 {
1296
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 293 switch (m_options.placeholders) {
1297 41 case placeholder_style::question_mark:
1298
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 82 return "?";
1299 187 case placeholder_style::numbered:
1300
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 187 if (m_options.numbered_parameter_prefix.empty())
1301
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 1 throw render_error{"a numbered parameter prefix cannot be empty"};
1302
2/2
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 186 return m_options.numbered_parameter_prefix + std::to_string(position + 1);
1303 64 case placeholder_style::named: {
1304
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 64 if (m_options.named_parameter_prefix.empty()) throw render_error{"a named parameter prefix cannot be empty"};
1305
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 64 if (!logical_name.empty()) {
1306
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 16 if (!valid_named_placeholder(logical_name))
1307
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 1 throw render_error{"a named placeholder requires an identifier-like parameter name"};
1308
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 15 if (supports_parameter_reuse()) return m_options.named_parameter_prefix + logical_name;
1309
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✓ Branch 4 taken 1 time.
 3 if (m_emitted_parameter_names.insert(logical_name).second)
1310
1/1
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 2 return m_options.named_parameter_prefix + logical_name;
1311
1312 1 std::size_t suffix = position + 1;
1313 1 std::string emitted_name;
1314 do
1315
3/3
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✓ Branch 7 taken 2 times.
 2 emitted_name = logical_name + "_" + std::to_string(suffix++);
1316
5/5
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 3 while (m_reserved_parameter_names.count(emitted_name) != 0U ||
1317
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✓ Branch 4 taken 1 time.
 1 !m_emitted_parameter_names.insert(emitted_name).second);
1318
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 1 return m_options.named_parameter_prefix + emitted_name;
1319 1 }
1320
1321 48 std::size_t suffix = position + 1;
1322 48 std::string generated_name;
1323 do
1324
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 49 generated_name = "p" + std::to_string(suffix++);
1325
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 49 while (!m_reserved_parameter_names.insert(generated_name).second);
1326
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 48 return m_options.named_parameter_prefix + generated_name;
1327 48 }
1328 }
1329
1/1
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 1 throw render_error{"unknown placeholder style"};
1330 }
1331
1332 16 static bool valid_named_placeholder(const std::string& value)
1333 {
1334
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 16 if (value.empty()) return false;
1335 16 const unsigned char first = static_cast<unsigned char>(value.front());
1336
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 16 if (std::isalpha(first) == 0 && value.front() != '_') return false;
1337
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 133 for (const char character : value) {
1338 118 const unsigned char byte = static_cast<unsigned char>(character);
1339
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 118 if (std::isalnum(byte) == 0 && character != '_') return false;
1340 }
1341 15 return true;
1342 }
1343
1344 294 void collect_parameter_names(const detail::query_node& value)
1345 {
1346
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 570 for (const detail::expression_ptr& expression : value.projection)
1347
1/1
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 276 collect_parameter_names(expression);
1348 294 collect_parameter_names(value.from);
1349 294 collect_parameter_names(value.where);
1350
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 301 for (const detail::expression_ptr& expression : value.group_by)
1351
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 7 collect_parameter_names(expression);
1352 294 collect_parameter_names(value.having);
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 311 for (const detail::order_by_node& order : value.order_by)
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 17 collect_parameter_names(order.expression);
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 312 for (const detail::set_operation_node& operation : value.set_operations)
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 18 if (operation.query) collect_parameter_names(*operation.query);
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 309 for (const detail::common_table_expression_node& cte : value.ctes)
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 15 if (cte.query) collect_parameter_names(*cte.query);
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 294 if (value.insert_source) collect_parameter_names(*value.insert_source);
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 359 for (const std::vector<detail::expression_ptr>& row : value.values)
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 189 for (const detail::expression_ptr& expression : row)
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 124 collect_parameter_names(expression);
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 307 for (const detail::assignment_node& assignment : value.assignments)
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 13 collect_parameter_names(assignment.value);
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 315 for (const detail::assignment_node& assignment : value.conflict.assignments)
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 21 collect_parameter_names(assignment.value);
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 307 for (const detail::expression_ptr& expression : value.returning)
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 13 collect_parameter_names(expression);
1369 294 }
1370
1371 562 void collect_parameter_names(const detail::relation_ptr& value)
1372 {
1373
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 562 if (!value) return;
1374 134 collect_parameter_names(value->left);
1375 134 collect_parameter_names(value->right);
1376 134 collect_parameter_names(value->condition);
1377
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 134 if (value->subquery) collect_parameter_names(*value->subquery);
1378 }
1379
1380 1605 void collect_parameter_names(const detail::expression_ptr& value)
1381 {
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 1605 if (!value) return;
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 1293 if ((value->kind == detail::expression_kind::parameter || value->kind == detail::expression_kind::parameter_slot) &&
1384
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 337 !value->text.empty()) {
1385 25 m_reserved_parameter_names.insert(value->text);
1386 }
1387
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 1360 for (const detail::expression_ptr& operand : value->operands)
1388
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 404 collect_parameter_names(operand);
1389
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 956 if (value->window) {
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 21 for (const detail::expression_ptr& expression : value->window->partition_by)
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 4 collect_parameter_names(expression);
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 21 for (const detail::order_by_node& order : value->window->order_by)
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 4 collect_parameter_names(order.expression);
1394 }
1395
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 956 if (value->subquery) collect_parameter_names(*value->subquery);
1396 }
1397
1398 121 bool supports_parameter_reuse() const noexcept
1399 {
1400
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 121 switch (m_options.placeholders) {
1401 61 case placeholder_style::numbered:
1402 61 return has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::reusable_numbered_parameters);
1403 48 case placeholder_style::named:
1404 48 return has_capability(m_options.capabilities, sql_capability::reusable_named_parameters);
1405 12 case placeholder_style::question_mark:
1406 12 return false;
1407 }
1408 ✗ return false;
1409 }
1410
1411 41 std::string render_literal(const detail::expression_node& value) const
1412 {
1413
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 41 if (!value.bound_parameter) throw render_error{"a SQL literal has no value"};
1414
1415 41 return value.bound_parameter->visit_storage([this](const auto& literal_value) -> std::string {
1416 using value_type = std::decay_t<decltype(literal_value)>;
1417 if constexpr (std::is_same_v<value_type, std::nullptr_t>)
1418
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 2 return "NULL";
1419 else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<value_type, bool>)
1420 2 return m_options.boolean_literals == boolean_literal_style::integers ? (literal_value ? "1" : "0")
1421
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 4 : (literal_value ? "TRUE" : "FALSE");
1422 else if constexpr (std::is_integral_v<value_type>)
1423 28 return std::to_string(literal_value);
1424 else if constexpr (std::is_floating_point_v<value_type>) {
1425
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 2 if (!std::isfinite(literal_value)) throw render_error{"non-finite SQL literals are not supported"};
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 1 std::ostringstream stream;
1427
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 1 stream.imbue(std::locale::classic());
1428
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 1 stream << std::setprecision(std::numeric_limits<value_type>::max_digits10) << literal_value;
1429
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 2 return stream.str();
1430 1 } else if constexpr (std::is_same_v<value_type, std::string>) {
1431
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 6 std::string result{"'"};
1432
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 40 for (const char character : literal_value) {
1433
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 36 if (m_options.string_literals == string_literal_style::backslash_escaped) {
1434
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 13 switch (character) {
1435 1 case '\0':
1436
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 1 result += "\\0";
1437 1 break;
1438 1 case '\b':
1439
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 1 result += "\\b";
1440 1 break;
1441 1 case '\n':
1442
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 1 result += "\\n";
1443 1 break;
1444 1 case '\r':
1445
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 1 result += "\\r";
1446 1 break;
1447 1 case '\t':
1448
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 1 result += "\\t";
1449 1 break;
1450 1 case '\x1a':
1451
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 1 result += "\\Z";
1452 1 break;
1453 1 case '\\':
1454
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 1 result += "\\\\";
1455 1 break;
1456 1 case '\'':
1457
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 1 result += "\\'";
1458 1 break;
1459 5 default:
1460
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 5 result += character;
1461 5 break;
1462 }
1463 } else {
1464
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 23 if (character == '\0') throw render_error{"NUL bytes are not supported in standard SQL literals"};
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 22 if (character == '\\' && m_options.string_literals == string_literal_style::mode_independent) {
1466
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 1 throw render_error{"backslashes in mode-independent SQL literals require a bound parameter"};
1467 }
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 21 result += character;
1469
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 21 if (character == '\'') result += '\'';
1470 }
1471 }
1472
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 4 result += '\'';
1473 8 return result;
1474 6 } else
1475
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std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > sqlon::(anonymous namespace)::renderer::render_literal(sqlon::detail::expression_node const&) const::{lambda(auto:1 const&)#1}::operator()<sqlon::custom_parameter_value>(sqlon::custom_parameter_value const&) const:
✓ Branch 2 taken 1 time.
std::__cxx11::basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char>, std::allocator<char> > sqlon::(anonymous namespace)::renderer::render_literal(sqlon::detail::expression_node const&) const::{lambda(auto:1 const&)#1}::operator()<std::vector<std::byte, std::allocator<std::byte> > >(std::vector<std::byte, std::allocator<std::byte> > const&) const:
✓ Branch 2 taken 1 time.
 2 throw render_error{"binary and custom SQL literals are not supported"};
1476 });
1477 }
1478
1479 6 std::string render_keyword(const detail::expression_node& value) const
1480 {
1481
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 10 if (value.text == "current_timestamp") return "CURRENT_TIMESTAMP";
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 10 if (value.text == "null") return "NULL";
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 1 if (value.text == "default") throw render_error{"DEFAULT is only valid as an INSERT or assignment value"};
1484 ✗ throw render_error{"unknown SQL keyword expression"};
1485 }
1486
1487 const sql_options& m_options;
1488 renderer_mode m_mode;
1489 bool m_rendering_conflict_assignments{};
1490 std::string m_inserted_row_alias;
1491 std::vector<std::string> m_inserted_target_qualifier;
1492 std::string m_merge_target_alias;
1493 std::vector<std::string> m_merge_target_qualifier;
1494 rendered_query m_result;
1495 std::unordered_map<std::string, std::size_t> m_named_parameter_positions;
1496 std::unordered_set<std::string> m_reserved_parameter_names;
1497 std::unordered_set<std::string> m_emitted_parameter_names;
1498 std::vector<prepared_parameter> m_prepared_parameters;
1499 std::vector<prepared_binding> m_prepared_bindings;
1500 std::unordered_map<std::size_t, std::size_t> m_prepared_parameter_indices;
1501 std::unordered_map<std::string, std::size_t> m_prepared_parameter_names;
1502 std::unordered_map<std::size_t, std::size_t> m_prepared_parameter_positions;
1503 };
1504
1505 } // namespace
1506
1507 224 rendered_query render(const query& value, const sql_options& options)
1508 {
1509
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 224 return renderer{options, renderer_mode::immediate}.render_query(value);
1510 }
1511
1512 22 prepared_query prepare(const query& value, const sql_options& options)
1513 {
1514
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 22 return renderer{options, renderer_mode::prepared}.render_prepared_query(value);
1515 }
1516
1517 } // namespace sqlon
1518